9.2: Seawater Chemistry
- Page ID
- 5464
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What do you get when you vaporize seawater?
Salt! Human bodies need salt to live. Nowadays most of this salt comes from the oceans or saline lakes. Some salt comes from rocks that evaporated from seawater.
Makeup of Ocean Water
You know that ocean water is salty. How salty is it? What is the salinity of seawater? Average seawater is about 3.5% salt. The amount is different if there is a nearby source of freshwater. It is also different if there is a lot of evaporation in an area. How do you think these things affect seawater salinity? Seawater also contains other substances like sugars, acids, bases, and organic molecules.
Why Is Ocean Water Salty?
Ocean water is salty because water dissolves minerals out of rocks. The ions enter the water. This happens whenever water flows over or through rocks. Much of this water and its minerals end up in the oceans. Minerals dissolved in water form salts. When the water evaporates, it leaves the salts behind. As a result, ocean water is much saltier than other water on Earth.
How Salty Is Ocean Water?
Have you ever gone swimming in the ocean? If you have, then you probably tasted the salts in the water. By mass, salts make up about 3.5% of ocean water. The table below shows the most common minerals in ocean water (Table below). The main components are sodium and chloride. Together they form the salt known as sodium chloride. You may know the compound as table salt or the mineral halite.
| Element | Percent |
|---|---|
| Oxygen | 85.84 |
| Hydrogen | 10.82 |
| Chloride | 1.94 |
| Sodium | 1.08 |
| Magnesium | 0.1292 |
| Sulfur | 0.091 |
| Calcium | 0.04 |
| Potassium | 0.04 |
| Bromine | 0.0067 |
| Carbon | 0.0028 |
The amount of salts in ocean water varies from place to place. For example, near the mouth of a river, ocean water may be less salty. That’s because river water contains less salt than ocean water. Where the ocean is warm, the water may be more salty. Can you explain why? (Hint: More water evaporates when the water is warm.)
Density
Seawater has lots of salts in it. This increases its density (mass per volume) over fresh water. Temperature and pressure also affect density.
Water density increases as:
- salinity increases.
- temperature decreases.
- pressure increases.
Differences in water density are responsible for deep ocean currents, as will be discussed in the concept "Deep Ocean Currents."
Summary
- Water moving through rock and soil picks up ions. Those ions end up as salts in large bodies of water.
- Ocean water contains salts and other substances.
- Water density increases as salinity and pressure increase, or as temperature decreases.
Review
- Streams aren't salty, so why is the ocean salty?
- Answer and explain the following: If evaporation is high, what happens to seawater density? If freshwater is added to a region, what happens to seawater density? If seawater gets very cold, what happens to its density?
- What is salinity?
Explore More
Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
- Why are oceans important?
- Which dissolved gases are found in the oceans?
- Which dissolved salts are contained in seawater?
- What is salinity? What is the salinity of average seawater?
- Where does the salt come from?
- Why doesn't the ocean get saltier over time?
- What changes the salinity in different places in the oceans?
- What are the effects of salinity on water?
- How does the surface temperature of ocean water vary?
- Where is the coldest, densest ocean water?
- What does carbon dioxide do in the oceans?
- How does temperature change with depth? How does pressure change with depth?