Back Matter
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Glossary
UNIT 1
divine right – the monarchy’s belief that their power was given to them by the authority of god
limited government – to ensure freedoms of the citizens, policy restricts the power of governmental officials
constitution – document stating the major principles and structures of our government
UNIT 2
rule of law –concept that individuals, including political leaders, must adhere to laws
amendment – to modify or add, specifically referring to an addition to the U.S. Constitution
double-jeopardy – does not allow an individual to be tried twice for the same criminal episode
self-incrimination – giving information about oneself that is likely to implicate oneself in a crime
federalism – a national centralized government and a collection of smaller state governments share power between them
popular sovereignty – power given to the individuals
checks and balances – a system in which limits are placed on functions of government so no one part becomes too powerful
separation of powers – the division of power between the branches of government. Done to guarantee that power does not rest with just one branch
republicanism – government in which representatives are chosen as leader
UNIT 3
unitary system – power and authority is centralized in one political body
confederation – a system in which a variety of countries, people, or groups merge as an alliance
parliamentary system – political system in which a single legislative body, known as parliament, makes and carries out the laws
legislative – law making branch of government
executive – administration of the laws branch of government
judicial system – administration of justice through the court
UNIT 4
Congress – legislative body of the United States
bureaucracy – the non-elective governmental bodies that manage operations of the government
judicial review – power of the courts to examine the constitutionality of laws
jurisdiction – authority the court has over particular cases or territories
bicameral - two houses or chambers in a legislative body
due process – the application of the law and legal principles for all citizens ensuring fair treatment
UNIT 5
policy – actions or procedures approved by the government
revenue – income raised by the government
expenditure – costs acquired by the government
regulations – rules and standards set by the government
fiscal policy – government procedures that apply to spending and collection of revenue
monetary policy – government procedures that relate to the money supply
foreign aid – financial aid given to other countries
UNIT 6
apportionment – a procedure for determining the number of representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives based on state’s population
census – a count of the population conducted every ten years
judicial activism – practice of issuing judicial rulings that affect national policies
judicial restraint – practice of avoiding making judicial rulings related to social or political issues
lobbying – process of working to influence the decisions of political leaders
gerrymandering – the process of creating political districts that gives one political party a majority in a territory