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6.3: Derivatives of Exponential Functions

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    1210
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    Exponential functions, and the rate of change, are used to model many real-world situations such as population growth, radioactive half-life decay, attenuation of electromagnetic signals in media, and financial transactions. Do you know how to write general exponential equations for the growth of a population that doubles every 5 years, and its rate of change?


    Derivatives of Exponential Functions

    An exponential function \( f(x) \nonumber\) has the form:

    \[ f(x) = b^x \nonumber\]

    where b is called the base and is a positive, real number.

    The figure below shows a few exponential function graphs for 0<b≤10. It is very clear that the sign of the derivative of an exponential depends on the value of b. If 0<b<1, the value of the derivative of the function (slope of the tangent line) will be negative because the function is always decreasing as x increases. For b>1, the derivative of the function will always be positive because the function increases as x increases.

    Screen Shot 2020-11-12 at 11.45.54 PM.png

    CC BY-NC-SA

    But, what is the derivative of an exponential function? We can take the following steps to find an expression for \( \frac{d}{dx}[bx] \nonumber\) by using the definition of the derivative:

    \( \displaystyle \frac{d}{dx}[bx]= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{b^{x+h}−b^x}{h} \nonumber\).... Limit definition of the derivative

    \( = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{b^xb^h−b^x}{h} \nonumber\)....Exponent property

    \( = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{b^h−1}{h}⋅b^x \nonumber\)....Factoring

    \( = ( \lim_{h→0} \frac{b^h−1}{h})⋅bx \nonumber\)....Limit of a product property

    The result above shows \( \frac{d}{dx}[bx] \nonumber\) depends on the product of \( \lim_{h→0} \frac{b^h−1}{h} \nonumber\) and the original function. But what is \( \lim_{h→0} \frac{b^h−1}{h} \nonumber\)? There are a number of ways to evaluate this limit, but for now let’s take a quick look at the behavior of \( \frac{b^h−1}{h} \nonumber\). This function is graphed below for a number of values of b, and the limit at \( h=0 \nonumber\) is indicated by the points A−E.

    Screen Shot 2020-11-21 at 6.04.44 PM.png

    CC BY-NC-SA

    While it is not at all obvious:\( \lim_{h→0} \frac{b^h−1}{h} = ln(b) \nonumber\). Remember the natural logarithm function \( y=lnx \nonumber\) on your calculator? The natural logarithm is the general logarithm function with base \( b=e=2.71828 \nonumber\)...

    Given the exponential function \( f(x)=b^x \nonumber\), where the base b is a positive, real number, then the general representation of the derivative of an exponential function is:

    \[ \frac{d}{dx}[bx]=lnb⋅b^x \nonumber\]

    Adding the Chain Rule to the definition, given the exponential function f(x)=bu, where u=g(x) and g(x) is a differentiable function, then:

    \[ \frac{d}{dx}[bu]=(lnb⋅b^u) \frac{du}{dx} \nonumber\]


    Examples

    Example 1

    Earlier, you were asked what the general exponential equation for the growth of a population that doubles every 5 years is.

    A population \( P(t) \nonumber\) that doubles every 5 years could be modeled as \( P(t)=P_02^{\frac{t}{5}} \nonumber\), where the variable t represents number of years since the population was at a level of \( P_0 \nonumber] \nonumber\). Were you able to determine that the rate of change of \( P(t) \nonumber\) is \( P′(t) = \frac{P_0 ln2}{5}⋅2^{\frac{t}{5}} \nonumber\)?

    Example 2

    Given \( y=500⋅0.7^x \nonumber\), what is \( \frac{dy}{dx} \nonumber\)?

    \[ \frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{d}{dx}[500⋅0.7^x] \nonumber\]

    \[ = 500 \frac{d}{dx}[0.7^x] \nonumber\]

    \( = 500[ln(0.7)⋅0.7^x] \nonumber\)....Use your calculator to find ln(0.7)

    \[ =−178.3⋅0.7^x \nonumber\]

    Hence, \( \frac{dy}{dx} =−178.3⋅0.7^x \nonumber\), and as expected, the slopes of all tangent lines are negative.

    There is an important special case that you must know about

    Example 3

    Given \( y=500⋅e^x \nonumber\), what is \( \frac{dy}{dx} \nonumber\)?

    \[ \frac{dy}{dx}= \frac{d}{dx}[500⋅ex] \nonumber\]

    \[ = 500 \frac{d}{dx}[ex] \nonumber\]

    \( \frac{dy}{dx}=500[ln(e)⋅ex] \nonumber\)....Use your calculator to find ln(e)

    \[ = \frac{d}{dx}[500⋅ex] \nonumber\]

    \[ =500[1⋅ex] \nonumber\]

    \[ =500⋅ex \nonumber\]

    Hence, \( \frac{dy}{dx}=500⋅ex \nonumber\), and this is just the original function. This exponential function, with base e, is special: the rate of change (or slope of the tanget line) at any point is equal to the value of the function at that point.

    Example 4

    Given \( y=10⋅2.5−3x^2 \nonumber\), what is \( \frac{dy}{dx} \nonumber\)?

    \[ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{d}{dx}[10⋅2.5−3x2] \nonumber\]

    \[ =10 \frac{d}{dx}[2.5−3x2] \nonumber\]

    \[ =10⋅ln(2.5)⋅2.5−3x2⋅ddx[−3x^2] \nonumber\]

    \[ =10⋅(0.9162)⋅2.5−3x^2⋅[−6x] \nonumber\]

    \[ =−55x⋅2.5−3x^2 \nonumber\]

    Therefore, \( \frac{dy}{dx} =−55x⋅2.5−3x^2 \nonumber\)

    Example 5

    Given \( y=500⋅e−2x⋅cos(5πx) \nonumber\), what is \( \frac{dy}{dx} \nonumber\)?

    \[ \frac{dy}{dx}= \frac{d}{dx}[500⋅e−2x⋅cos(5πx)] \nonumber\]

    \( =500⋅[ \frac{d}{dx}(e−2x)⋅cos(5πx)+e−2x⋅ \frac{d}{dx}(cos(5πx))] \nonumber\)....Product Rule

    \( =500⋅[ln(e)⋅e−2x \frac{d}{dx}(−2x)⋅cos(5πx)+e−2x⋅(−sin(5πx)⋅ \frac{d}{dx}(5πx))] \nonumber\)....Use Chain Rule

    \( =500⋅[(1)⋅e−2x⋅(−2)⋅cos(5πx)+e−2x⋅(−sin(5πx)⋅5π)] \nonumber\)....Simplify.

    \( =−500⋅e−2x[2⋅cos(5πx)+5πsin(5πx)] \nonumber\)...Simplify

    Therefore, \( \frac{dy}{dx} =−500⋅e−2x[2⋅cos(5πx)+5πsin(5πx)] \nonumber\).


    Review

    For #1-14, find the derivative.

    1. \( y=7^x \nonumber\)
    2. \( y=3^{2x} \nonumber\)
    3. \( y=5^x−3x^2 \nonumber\)
    4. \( y=2^{x^2} \nonumber\)
    5. \( y=e^{x^2} \nonumber\)
    6. \(f(x)= \frac{1}{ \sqrt{πσ}}e^{−αk(x−x0)^2} \nonumber\) where σ, α, x0, and k are constants and σ≠0.
    7. \( y=e^{6x} \nonumber\)
    8. \( y=e^{3x^3}−2x^2+6 \nonumber\)
    9. \( y=\frac{e^x−e−x}{e^x+e−x} \nonumber\)
    10. \( y=cos(e^x) \nonumber\)
    11. \( y=e^{−x}3^x \nonumber\)
    12. \( y=3^{−x^2+2x+1} \nonumber\)
    13. \( y=2^x3^x \nonumber\)
    14. \( y=e^{−x}sinx \nonumber\)
    15. Find an equation of the tangent line to \( f(x)=x^3+2e^x \nonumber\) at the point (0, 2).

    Review (Answers)

    To see the Review answers, open this PDF file and look for section 3.9.


    Vocabulary

    Term Definition
    derivative The derivative of a function is the slope of the line tangent to the function at a given point on the graph. Notations for derivative include f′(x), dydx, y′, dfdx and \frac{df(x)}{dx}.
    Exponential Function An exponential function is a function whose variable is in the exponent. The general form is \( y=a⋅b^{x−h}+k \nonumber\).

    Additional Resources


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