2.4: The Consonant Sound [d]
- Page ID
- 3565
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Overview of the Consonant Sound [d]
Two ways of spelling the sound [d] are <d> and <dd>. More than 99% of the time [d] is spelled <d> or <dd>. Two important minor spellings of [d] are <ed> and <ld>.
Examples
You can hear the sound [d] at the beginning and end of the word dude.
You can hear [d] spelled <ed> in the past tense suffix -ed (as in spelled and rubbed) and <ld> in the four words could, should, would, solder.
Review
- Underline the letters that spell [d]:
\begin{align*}
& \text{ducks} && \text{holiday} && \text{differing} && \text{muddy}\\
& \text{around} && \text{children} && \text{didn't} && \text{voted}\\
& \text{add} && \text{middle} && \text{sudden} && \text{board}\\
& \text{good} && \text{found} && \text{behind} && \text{said}\\
& \text{beyond} && \text{study} && \text{danger} && \text{under}\\
& \text{world} && \text{daddy} && \text{hidden} && \text{reddest}
\end{align*} - Now sort the words into these two groups. Be careful! One word goes into both groups:
Words with the [d] spelled ... <d> <dd> - The two most common ways of spelling the sound [d] are _______ and _______.
- Show Answer
-
- \begin{align*}
& \underline{d}ucks && holi\underline{d}ay && \underline{d}iffering && mu\underline{dd}y\\
& aroun\underline{d} && chil\underline{d}ren && \underline{d}i\underline{d}n't && vote\underline{d}\\
& a\underline{dd} && mi\underline{dd}le && su\underline{dd}en && boar\underline{d}\\
& goo\underline{d} && foun\underline{d} && behin\underline{d} && sai\underline{d}\\
& beyon\underline{d} && \underline{study} && \underline{danger} && un\underline{d}er\\
& worl\underline{d} && \underline{d}a\underline{dd}y && hi\underline{dd}en && re\underline{dd}est
\end{align*} -
Words with the [d] spelled ... <d> <dd> ducks daddy add around differing middle good didn't daddy beyond behind sudden world danger hidden holiday voted muddy children board reddest found said study under - The two most common ways of spelling the sound [d] are <d> and <dd>
- \begin{align*}
Explore More
Word Find. Find and circle the fifteen words that contain the sound [d]. Write the ones you find in alphabetical order at the bottom of the page:
\begin{align*}
& \text{children} && \text{different} && \text{found} && \text{aid} && \text{muddy}\\
& \text{under} && \text{today} && \text{study} && \text{daddy} && \text{do}\\
& \text{hidden} && \text{sudden} && \text{middle} && \text{add} && \text{had}\\
\end{align*}
Put the words in alphabetical order:
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
- Show Answer
-
Words in alphabetial order:
- add
- children
- daddy
- different
- do
- found
- had
- hidden
- middle
- muddy
- said
- study
- sudden
- today
- under
Spelling [d]
Two ways of spelling the sound [d] are <d> and <dd>. Two minor ways of spelling [d] are <ed> and <ld>.
Examples
You can hear the consonant sound [d] at the beginning and end of the word did.
Review
- Underline the letters that spell [d] in the following words:
\begin{align*}
& \text{attendance} && \text{suicide} && \text{scolded} && \text{folder}\\
& \text{bewilder} && \text{indict} && \text{debt} && \text{doughnut}\\
& \text{evident} && \text{difficult} && \text{radio} && \text{decided}\\
& \text{liquid} && \text{secluded} && \text{extend} && \text{correspond}\\
& \text{building} && \text{crowded} && \text{divide} && \text{develop}
\end{align*} - Sort the twenty words into these three groups. Some words will go into more than one group:
Words in which [d] is... in the front in the middle at the end - How is [d] spelled in all of these words? ___________. More than nine times out of ten [d] is spelled that way.
- Show Answer
-
- \begin{align*}
& atten\underline{d}ance && suici\underline{d}e && scol\underline{d}ed && fol\underline{d}er \\
& bewil\underline{d}er && in\underline{d}ict && \underline{d}ebt && \underline{d}oughnut \\
& evi\underline{d}ent && \underline{d}ifficult && ra\underline{d}io && \underline{d}eci\underline{d}e\underline{d} \\
& liqui\underline{d} && seclu\underline{d}e\underline{d} && exten\underline{d} && correspon\underline{d} \\
& buil\underline{d}ing && crow\underline{d}e\underline{d} && \underline{d}ivi\underline{d}e && \underline{d}evelop
\end{align*} -
Words in which [d] is... in the front in the middle at the end difficult attendance liquid debt bewilder suicide divide evident secluded doughnut building crowded decided indict scolded develop secluded extend crowded divide scolded decided radio correspond folder decided - How is [d] spelled in all of these words? <d>. More than nine times out of ten [d] is spelled that way.
- \begin{align*}
Explore More
Crosswords. The following crossword puzzle contains only words from this lesson.
Across
1. Fluid
6. A structure
8. Something owed
10. Confuse
12. Bawled out
Down
2. Grow
3. A communication device
4. A round treat
5. Killing oneself
7. Hard, not easy
9. Stretch
11. Officially accuse
- Show Answer
-
Across
1. LIQUID—Fluid
6. BUILDING—A structure
8. DEBT—Something owed
10. BEWILDER—Confuse
12. SCOLDED—Bawled out
Down
2. DEVELOP—Grow
3. RADIO—A communication device
4. DOUGHNUT—A round treat
5. SUICIDE—Killing oneself
7. DIFFICULT—Hard, not easy
9. EXTEND—Stretch
11. INDICT—Officially accuse
Some Words with [d] Spelled <dd>
Sometimes we get double consonants like <dd> because of simple addition. Simple addition is when an element that starts with a certain consonant comes right after an element that ends with that same consonant. Another way that we get <dd> is due to twinning or doubling, where an extra consonant is added to keep a vowel short when adding an ending.
Examples
In the following words, the sound [d] is spelled <dd> due to what?
shredded - twinning
address - simple addition
nodding - twinning
Review
- Underline the letters that spell [d] in the following words.
\begin{align*}
& \text{addition} && \text{address} && \text{nodding} && \text{headdress}\\
& \text{sudden} && \text{ladder} && \text{pudding} && \text{wedding}\\
& \text{shredded} && \text{sadden} && \text{redder} && \text{goddess}\\
& \text{eddy} && \text{oddest} && \text{forbidden} && \text{goddaughter}\\
& \text{shudder} && \text{muddy} && \text{addict} && \text{granddad}
\end{align*} - In the twenty words above there are six words that have <dd> because of simple addition. Three of the six are compound words and three of them contain the prefix ad-. Write the six below and analyze them enough to show where the <dd> comes from in each one.
Word = Analysis addition = ad + dition = = = = = - You twin the final consonant of a free stem that has one vowel sound and ends __________ when you add a suffix that starts with a __________. You twin the final consonant of a free stem that has two vowel sounds when you add a suffix that starts with a __________ if the stem ends __________ and has stress on its __________ vowel before and after you add the suffix.
- Eight of the twenty words above have <dd> in them because of twinning. Find them and write them below. Then analyze each one to show how the twinning leads to the <dd>.
Word = Analysis shredded = shred + d + ed = = = = = = = -
In the VCC pattern the vowel is usually ____________.
-
Write the six remaining words contain <dd> because of the VCC pattern in the table.
- Show Answer
-
- \begin{align*}
& a\underline{dd}ition && a\underline{dd}ress && no\underline{dd}ing && hea\underline{dd}ress \\
& su\underline{dd}en && la\underline{dd}er && pu\underline{dd}ing && we\underline{dd}ing \\
& shre\underline{dd}ed && sa\underline{dd}en && re\underline{dd}er && go\underline{dd}ess \\
& e\underline{dd}y && o\underline{dd}est && forbi\underline{dd}en && go\underline{dd}aughter \\
& shu\underline{dd}er && mu\underline{dd}y && a\underline{dd}ict && gran\underline{dd}a\underline{d}
\end{align*} -
Word = Analysis addition = ad + dition address = ad + dress addict = ad + dict headdress = head + dress goddaughter = god + daughter granddad = grand + dad -
You twin the final consonant of a free stem that has one vowel sound and ends CVC when you add a suffix that starts with a vowel. You twin the final consonant of a free stem that has two vowel sounds when you add a suffix that starts with a vowel if the stem ends CVC and has stress on its final vowel before and after you add the suffix.
-
Word = Analysis shredded = shred + d + ed sadden = sad + d + en muddy = mud + d + y nodding = nod + d + ing redder = red + d + er forbidden = forbid + d + en wedding = wed + d + ing goddess = god + d + ess - In the VCC pattern the vowel is usually short.
- Write the six remaining words contain <dd> because of the VCC pattern in the table.
\begin{align*}
& \text{sudden} && \text{shudder} && \text{oddest}\\
& \text{eddy} && \text{ladder} && \text{pudding}
\end{align*}
- \begin{align*}
Words with <dle> and <ddle>
When there is an <le> right after a [d] and a consonant or long vowel sound right in front of it, the [d] is spelled <d>. But when there is an <le> right after a [d] and a short vowel sound right in front of it, the [d] is spelled <dd>.
Examples
The following words are spelled <le> after <d>.
noodle swindle needle candle spindle
The following words are spelled <le> after <dd>.
griddle cuddle peddle saddle riddle
Review
- Read these words aloud carefully and sort them into the table below.
\begin{align*}
& \text{huddle} && \text{cradle} && \text{saddle} && \text{handle}\\
& \text{eddies} && \text{needle} && \text{meddle} && \text{suddenness}\\
& \text{pudding} && \text{addict} && \text{candle} && \text{middle}\\
& \text{odds} && \text{kindle} && \text{bundle} && \text{shuddered}\\
& \text{poodle} && \text{idle} && \text{riddle} && \text{noodle}
\end{align*}
Now, look at the six words that do not end <dle> or <ddle>. Mark the first vowel in each of them with a ‘v.’ Then mark the next two letters, either ‘c’ or ‘v.’Words that end <dle> or <ddle> Words that do not end <dle> or <ddle> - You should find one pattern. What pattern is it? _________. According to this pattern, should the first vowel be long or should it be short? _________. In these six words is the first vowel always long or is it short? ___________
- In the VCCle pattern the vowel is _________, but in the VCle pattern the vowel is _________.
- Now sort the fourteen words that end either <dle> or <ddle> into the following matrix.
Words in which the [d] comes right after a ... consonant sound long vowel sound short vowel sound Words with [d] spelled <d> Words with [d] spelled <dd>
- Show Answer
-
-
Words that end <dle> or <ddle> Words that do not end <dle> or <ddle> huddle saddle riddle eddies
vcc
poodle meddle handle pudding
vcc
cradle candle middle odds
vcc
needle bundle noodle addict
vcc
kindle suddenness
vcc
idle shuddered
vcc
- You should find one pattern. What pattern is it? VCC. According to this pattern, should the first vowel be long or should it be short? short In these six words is the first vowel always long or is it short? short
- In the VCCle pattern the vowel is short, but in the VCle pattern the vowel is long.
-
Words in which the [d] comes right after a ... consonant sound long vowel sound short vowel sound Words with [d] spelled <d> kindle
candle
bundle
handle
poodle
cradle
needle
idle
noodle
Words with [d] spelled <dd> huddle
saddle
meddle
riddle
middle
-
[d] Spelled <ed>
The suffix -ed adds the meanings “in the past” and “action completed” to verbs. It is pronounced different ways at the end of different verbs.
Examples
For example, in dished the -ed is pronounced [t], and in adopted it is pronounced [id]; in shoveled it is pronounced [d].
Review
-
Pronounce each of the following past tense verbs carefully. Listen to how the -ed is pronounced in them. Then sort them into the three groups indicated below:
\begin{align*}
& \text{radioed} && \text{elapsed} && \text{disappointed} && \text{knocked}\\
& \text{settled} && \text{huddled} && \text{collected} && \text{crowded}\\
& \text{divided} && \text{disturbed} && \text{attended} && \text{sobbed}\\
& \text{pronounced} && \text{addressed} && \text{scribbled} && \text{employed}\\
& \text{grouped} && \text{governed} && \text{acknowledged} && \text{disarmed}
\end{align*}Words in which the -ed is pronounced ... [t] [id] [d] [d] -
In many past tense verbs -ed is pronounced [d]. So at the end of many past tense verbs [d] is spelled _____. So far you have seen three different ways of spelling [d]. They are _________, _________, and _________.
-
In four words [d] is spelled <ld>. The word solder is pronounced [sodər]. Hundreds of years ago the <l> was pronounced, but not anymore. Solder comes from the Latin word solidus, which means “solid.” Our solid comes from this same solidus. So solder and solid are close relatives: When you solder something, you make it solid. And notice that you can hear the <l> in solid, though not in solder, so in solder [d] is spelled <ld>.
How is [d] spelled in could, should, and would? _________. For hundreds of years the <l> in these words was pronounced too, but in time people stopped pronouncing it. -
Except for the words _______, _______, _______, and _______, the sound [d] is spelled either _______, _______, or _______.
- Show Answer
-
-
Words in which the -ed is pronounced ... [t] [id] [d] [d] pronounced divided radioed scribbled grouped disappointed settled acknowledged elapsed collected huddled sobbed addressed attended disturbed employed knocked crowded governed disarmed -
In many past tense verbs -ed is pronounced [d]. So at the end of many past tense verbs [d] is spelled <ed>. So far you have seen three different ways of spelling [d]. They are <d>, <dd>, and <ed>.
-
In four words [d] is spelled <ld>. The word solder is pronounced [sodər]. Hundreds of years ago the <l> was pronounced, but not anymore. Solder comes from the Latin word solidus, which means “solid.” Our solid comes from this same solidus. So solder and solid are close relatives: When you solder something, you make it solid. And notice that you can hear the <l> in solid, though not in solder, so in solder [d] is spelled <ld>.
How is [d] spelled in could, should, and would? <ld>. For hundreds of years the <l> in these words was pronounced too, but in time people stopped pronouncing it. -
Except for the words solder, could, should, and would, the sound [d] is spelled either <d>, <dd>, or <ed>.
-
Explore More
Word Find. This Find contains twenty-two of the words you have been working with that contain the sound [d]. As you find them, sort them into the groups described below the Find:
| <d> | <dd> | <ed> | <ld> |
|---|---|---|---|
- Show Answer
-
Words with the sound [d] spelled <d> <dd> <ed> <ld> disturbed sudden disturbed would development addict settled could extend eddy favored should idle forbidden employed liquid middle debt addition bewilder wedding evident handle
Dropping the Sound <d>
There is one time when the <d> spelling of [d] may be hard to remember - because sometimes it is hard to hear the [d] sound at all. Sometimes a <d> may not be pronounced if it comes at the end of its element, and it has an <n> in front of it and a consonant after it, especially if that consonant is the letter <s>.
Examples
For example, in the word grandmother some people pronounce the <d>, but most people usually do not. Most often it sounds like [granmuthər], with no [d] sound.
Other examples include the words handkerchief and handsome.
The word handkerchief analyzes to hand “hand” + kerchief “cover for the head.” The stem kerchief analyzes in turn to ker + chief. Ker is all that is left of older version of the word cover. Chief means “head. (Note that the words chief and chef are very closely related.)
The word handsome also contains hand meaning “hand.” The suffix -some forms adjectives. Originally handsome meant “easy to handle, ready at hand.” Then it came to mean “handy, convenient, suitable” and later “of fair size or amount” (as in the phrase a handsome reward). Finally it came to its most common modern meaning: “having a fine form or figure, good looking.”
Review
Read aloud the words in the Word column. Listen for whether or not you pronounce the <d>s. Sometimes you may hear a clear [d]; sometimes the <d> may be pronounced more like [t]; sometimes it may be left out completely. Don't be surprised if you hear different people saying the <d>s in these words differently. We're allowed a certain amount of choice here. Analyze the words as instructed in the Analysis column.
| Word | Analysis |
|---|---|
| 1. friendship | Noun + suffix = friend + ship |
| 2. surrounds | Verb + suffix = |
| 3. handkerchief | Noun + noun = |
| 4. comprehends | Verb + suffix = |
| 5. handful | Noun + suffix = |
| 6. grounds | Noun + suffix = |
| 7. thousands | Noun + suffix = |
| 8. bands | Noun + suffix = |
| 9. grandfather | Adjective + noun = |
| 10. spends | Verb + suffix = |
| 11. handsome | Noun + suffix = |
| 12. husbands | Noun + suffix = |
| 13. landscape | Noun + suffix = |
| 14. handsful | Noun + suffix + suffix = |
| 15. suspends | Verb + suffix = |
| 16. weekends | Noun + suffix + suffix = |
| 17. grandma | Adjective + noun = |
| 18. corresponds | Verb + suffix = |
| 19. islands | Noun + suffix = |
| 20. attends | Verb + suffix = |
| 21. sounds | Verb + suffix = |
| 22. playgrounds | Noun + suffix = |
| 23. bookends | Noun + noun + suffix = |
24. In all of these words, where is the <d> in its element (at the front, the end, or in the middle)? _______. What letter is right in front of the <d> in each case? ________. Is there a vowel after the <d> each time, or is it a consonant? ________. What letter usually comes right after the <d> in these words? ________.
- Show Answer
-
Word Analysis = Analysis 1. friendship Noun + suffix = friend + ship 2. surrounds Verb + suffix = surround + s 3. handkerchief Noun + noun = hand + kerchief 4. comprehends Verb + suffix = comprehend + s 5. handful Noun + suffix = hand + ful 6. grounds Noun + suffix = ground + s 7. thousands Noun + suffix = thousand + s 8. bands Noun + suffix = band + s 9. grandfather Adjective + noun = grand + father 10. spends Verb + suffix = spend + s 11. handsome Noun + suffix = hand + some 12. husbands Noun + suffix = husband + s 13. landscape Noun + suffix = land + scape 14. handsful Noun + suffix1 + suffix2 = hand + s + ful 15. suspends Verb + suffix = suspend + s 16. weekends Noun1 + suffix2 + suffix = week + end + s 17. grandma Adjective + noun = grand + ma 18. corresponds Verb + suffix = correspond + s 19. islands Noun + suffix = island + s 20. attends Verb + suffix = attend + s 21. sounds Verb + suffix = sound + s 22. playgrounds Noun1 + noun2 + suffix = play + ground + s 23. bookends Noun1 + noun2 + suffix = book + end + s 24. In all of these words, where is the <d> in its element (at the front, the end, or in the middle)? at the end. What letter is right in front of the <d> in each case? <n>. Is there a vowel after the <d> each time, or is it a consonant? consonant. What letter usually comes right after the <d> in these words? <s>.